THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
Painting of Frederic Sorrieu (1848) :
In the year 1848, THE DREAM OF WORLDWIDE DEMAOCRATIC and SOCIAL REPUBLIC --------- The pact between Nations was prepared by FREDERIC SORRIEU.
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- Painting represents that people from different nations were marching towards the the Statue of Liberty.
- They had wore their national costumes and hold their national flags in their hands.
- The personified liberty by French people possess torch of enlightment in one hand and charter of man rights in the other.
- The crown, throne, remains of absolutist institutions were lying on the ground.
- United states and Switzerland had passed the statue followed by France, Germany, Poland, Lombardy,
- Jesus Christs along with other saints were gazing upon the scene.
*UTOPIAN VISION: A vision of a society that is very unlikely to exists in the world. For example the story of Aladdin.
Q1. What is the difference between modern state and nation state ?
Ans: Modern state are those states in which centralised power exercise a sovereign ( not other country can interfere ) control over a defined territory. whereas
Nation state are those states where the majority of population came to develop a sense of collective identity or same descent
THE IDEA OF A NATION (1789):
French revolution began in the year 1789 with the downfall of Louis XVI. After that many minor and major revolution took place. Amidst this people of France took some measures to depict the sense of collective belongingness. They are mentioned as :-
- The idea of La Patrie (fatherland) and Le Citoyen (citizen) was introduced.
- National flags were designed.
- 1st constitution was designed in the National Assembly.
- New hymns and song were created and oaths were taken.
- French language was promoted to use everywhere.
- Centralised administrative system was established and abolished internal taxes and custom duties.
- Uniform laws were made.
These activities led many of the students an other educated middle classes to join Jacobin classes by the 1790s.
NAPOLEANIC CODE (1804) :
Napoleanic code or civil code was introduced by Napolean in the year 1804. There are some laws which people like an some laws which dislike. These code states that :-
Laws liked by everyone
- All are equal before law
- Privileges on the basis of birth were abolished.
- Feudal system (bandhwa) was abolished.
- Administrative System was simplified.
- Transport and communication system were improved.
- National currency was common to all.
- Guild restrictions were removed.
- Freed serfdom and manorial dues.
Laws led to anger for Napolean
- Increased taxes.
- Forced conscription of Army.
- He imposed censorship laws.
- Women were not getting their political rights.
Ans. It was a custom trade union formed at the initiative of Prussia. It was formed to or its features are as :-
- Abolish trade barriers.
- Reduced the number of currency from 30 to 2.
- creation of network of railways stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification.
The ARISTOCRACY:-
- These were the most richest and powerful people in their society.
- The population of this class is very less.
- The aristocrats were often tied with the marriages .
- They spoke French to for the purpose of diplomacy.
- They own a bulk of land on the countryside.
PEASANTS:-
- The uneducated class of the society, which is more than half of the population.
- In the western Europe, the land was cultivated by tenants and small owners.
- In the central and eastern Europe, the vast piece of land was under the hand of aristocrats.
- These aristocrats, used to cultivate their land by serfs.
MIDDLE CLASS:-
- A group of people emerge out in mid 18th century in ENGLAND and in 19th century in FRANCE (with industrialisation).
- These includes Doctors, Lawyers, Professors, Teachers, Managers and many more.
- They were against the aristocrats law, that is privileged given by birth.
- They believed that a person should be ranked on the basis of their knowledge/experience instead of their class.
LIBERALISM:-
Liberalism word made from Liber which means free. So, Liberalism word stood for the freedom of individual and equality before law.
Liberalism comprises of :-
1.POLITICAL LIBERALISM:-
- There were no right to universal suffrage(right to vote)
- Only propertied owing people can cast their vote.
- women were considered as minor
- Since French revolution, Liberalism stood for end of autocratic rulers and clergical privileges
2. ECONOMIC LIBERALISM:-
- Liberalism stood for freedom of markets (in the view of economics)
- They abolished state imposed restrictions.
- German confederation of 39 states were established.
- Uniform system of measurement of a quantity was introduced.
Battle of WATERLOO:-
In the year 1915, the war fought between Napolean and 4 western countries ( Britain, Russia, Austria and Prussia). Napolean was defeated and sent to an island jail.
CONSERVATISM OF 1815:-
After the defeat of Napolean, a treaty was signed between these 4 countries at Austria under the leadership of Austrian chancellorship Duke Metternich.
Following were the major changes that happen after the deeat of Napolean in the year 1815:-
- Re-establishment of Bourbon dynasty.
- Territories annexed by Napolean were lost .
- New small states were created on the border of France.
- German confederation remains untouched.
- Modern army and efficient bureaucracy was established.
- Abolition of feudalism and serfdom continued.
- They didn't tolerate criticism and dissent.
- Censorship laws were established.
The REVOLUTIONARIES:-
- After the downfall of Napolean kingdom, most of the liberal nationalist got silent due to fear of autocratic rulers.
- Few liberalist set-up secret societies and start training to revolutionaries.
- One of the prominent revolutionaries was Giuseppe Mazzini.
GIUSEPPE MAZZINI:-
- Born in Genoa in the year 1807.
- He joined the secret society named Carbonari.
- He was exiled at the age of 24 in the year 1831, because he revolted at Liguaria.
- He founded two secret societies :-
Young Europe in Berne
- He said " God had intended nations to be the natural unit of mankind.
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- Metternich described him as the ' the most dangerous enemy of our social order'.
The Age of REVOLUTION (1830- 1848) :-
There are several revolutions took place between these period of 18 years.
1. JULY REVOLUTION in FRANCE (1830) :-
- These revolution took place in France.
- The revolution were led by liberal-nationalists belonging to the educated middle class group.
- The people participated in this group were teacher, doctor, lawyer,professor or businessman.
- The revolution occur in the month of July 1830, and the king of BOURBON dynasty was overthrown.
- Constitutional monarchy was established and the king was Louis Philippe
- This led to the upheaval in capital city of Belgium, Brussels.
- Belgium got separated from the United Kingdom of Netherlands.
- The growth of revolutionary nationalism spread all over the Europe.
2. OTTOMAN EMPIRE:-
- In the Greece, people were revolting for their own nation since 15th century.
- They again begun their struggle in the year 1821 for independence.
- This time the Greece people get external support from neighbouring countries, to get free from Muslim empire,
- Finally the Treaty of Constantinpole was signed and they got their independence in the year 1832 .
- Greece is known as Cardle of European Civilization.
- An English poet collected funds for the war, but he died of fever in the year 1824.
- Romanticism is a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist seniments through art and poetry, stories and music, which based on instutions and nationalist feelings.
- The poet and artists of a nation believed that a nation can be formed on the basis of sense of collective identity /similar past/or similar dissent.
- They criticise glorification of science and reason.
- Few Romaniticists are:-
- He was a German philosopher and believed that a nation can be created with help of sense of collective identity.
- He said that the common identity can be discovered only among common people(das-volk).
- According to him folk songs, poetry, and dances were true spirt of nation(volksgeist).
- He was also a romantic-nationalists.
- He used to memorise the people their past similar culture by playing operas and and music(national struggle) and folk dances like polanize and Mazurka.
VERNACULAR LANGUAGE
- Most of the leaders used vernacular language to connect the people of their caste/religion/dissent.
- There was a case in Russia where Polish student were forced out of school, just because they speak Polish language.
- These children were forced to speak and learn Russian language.
- Seeing such behaviour Polish people launched an armed rebellion in the year 1831.
- They started using Polish language as a weapon against Russian autocratic rulers.
- Church gatherings and religious rites were happening in polish language.
- However the rebellion also get suppressed.
HUNGER, HARDSHIPS and POPULAR REVOLTS( 1830 ):-
The year 1830 was the worse year of the 19th century.
- There was a huge increase in the population, which led to increase in demand of food.
- Increase in demand of food led to the increase in its prices.
- A large no of rural class people moved towards towns and cities.
- This led to unemployment in the cities.
- The situation became worsen and the people began to die because of hunger
Situation of France:-
- In France, once again upheaval took place.
- Revolution began in Paris. Barricades erected and Monarchy king Louis Phillipe was overthrown and republic was installed. in the year 1848.
- Republican representative promise to provide work to every under national workshops.
- People (only male whose age is above 21) got the suffrage.
The Revolution by Liberals ( In Germany):-
In the year 1848, the sparked revolution in France spread all over the Europe.
- A group of middle class people comprising of professors, teachers, lawyer, doctors start their own movement.
- 831 elected representative marched towards the St. Paul Church in Frankfurt and proposed his condition and constitution.
- He proposed that constitutional monarchy should be there.
- But, the King Freideric Wilhelm IV rejected and suppressed them with the help of aristocrats and military.
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- Women, that had joined the movement were considered as only spectators.
- They denied/resisted the needs/will of poor class people. But the planning was going on.
- However, the king understood the situation and Constitutional monarchy was installed.
- In the central and eastern Europe begari and serfdoms were abolished.
UNIFICATION OF GERMANY:-
Important characters:-
- Kaiser William I (king of Prussia)
- Otto-von-Bismarck ( CM )
- After the failure of 1848 revolutions, Kaiser William I, took the responsibility of unification of Germany along with his chief minister Otto-Von-Bismarck.
- He along with the Prussian army and bureaucrats had to find 3 wars between Austria, France and Denmark.
- After defeating all three nation, Germany get unified.
- In the year 1871, a feast was celebrated in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles.and Kaiser William was proclaimed as the emperor of Germany.
- The bureaucrats, head representative of military, CM Otto-Von-Bismarck was present there.
UNIFICATION OF ITALY:-
Important characters:-
- Giuseppe Mazzini ( Revolutionary)
- Giuseppe Garibaldi ( Revolutionary)
- Victor Emanuel II (King )
- Cavour ( CM )
- Italy was divided into 7 states under 4 empire.
- Sardinia Piedmont ( Italy).
- Austrian Habsburg ( Northern Italy)
- Bourbon dynasty ( Southern Italy).
- Pope ( Central Italy).
- Giuseppe Mazzini played an important role. He had founded two secret societies were he trained revolutionaries.
- He sought to unify Italy, but he failed.
- After 1831-1848 revolutions, Victor Emanuel II took the responsibility to unify Italy.
- CM Cavour has a good diplomatic relations with France.
- So, In the year 1859 with the help of the army and France, Austrian Habsburg was defeated. empire.
- In the year 1860, Giuseppe Garibaldi along with his army ( often called red shirts) and local villagers/peasants defeated Bourbon dynasty.
- In the year 1861, Pope surrendered themselves and finally Italy got unified.
- Victor Emanuel II was announced as the king of united Italy.
The Strange case of Britain :-
The making of United Kingdom of Britain is not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution but it was long drawn out process.
- Firstly in the year 1688, parliament seized the power from the monarchy at the end of protracted conflict, which led the idea to the formation of Great Britain.
SCOTLAND:-
- Then in the year1707 a treaty was signed between Scotland and England- The Act of Union.
- The English people started suppressing the scottish people. They were not allowed to use their native Gaelic language.
- They suffered terrible repression, whenever they assert for their independence.
- Most of them were forced out from their homeland.
IRELAND:-
- Ireland was divided into two states Catholics( majority) and Protestants ( minority).
- English people joined hand with Protestants and helped them to establish their dominance.
- They incorporated Ireland in Great Britain in the year 1801 after the failed revolution by Wolf Tonne and united Irishmen in the year 1798.
- And thus the Britain was unified.
- Now, new symbols, allegory, national anthem were created to unify all of them.
- The British flag ( Union Jack), National Anthem ( God Save Our Noble King), and the English language was established.
Visualising the Nation:-
Since mid 19th century, the poet and artists used to describe a nation as a female figure.
They used female figure as they can give rise to a new era/period of time.
These female figure used to depict nation are known as Allegory.
There are two famous Allegory in Europe:-
1]. Marianne in France
2]. Germania in Germany
Nationalism and Imeperialism:-
By the last of 19th century, most of the nation get unified. But with that, the tension among the neighbour state also get increased.
Balkan was an area that had also tension, but much more than other.
Each state become jealous of each other.
Balkan state consists of modern day:-
- Romania
- Bulgaria
- Albania
- Greece
- Macedonia
- Croatia
- Bosnia-Herzegovina
- Slovenia
- Serbia
- Montenegro
- The people of these states were collectively knowns as slavs.
Each state want their control over the Balkan region, because that route provides maximum profit.
