NATIONALISM IN INDIA CLASS 10 NOTES | SOCIAL SCIENCE | HISTORY CHAPTER- 3|

 NATIONALISM IN INDIA

THE FIRST WORLD WAR :-

The first world war created a new political and economic situation due to the following reasons:-

• Increase in defence expenditures.
• Increase in prices through the years.
• Forced recruitment of rural boys in army.
• Crops failure in many parts of India.
• Influenza epidemic .
• According to census of 1921, 12-13 million people perishes away from the famines and epidemic.

THE IDEA OF SATYAGARHA:-

• The idea of SATYAGARHA emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth.
• It is a noble way of fighting against the colonial rule in India.
• It is a non-aggressive peaceful mass agitation.
• It is a moral force not passive resistance.
• After returning back from South Africa in 1915, Mahatma Gandhi had successfully lead 3 satyagarha movement.
• 1st in CHAMPARAN     Bihar ( 1917).
• 2nd in KHEDA            Gujarat ( 1917).
• 3rd in AHMEDABAD Gujarat ( 1918).

ROWLATT ACT (1919) :-

This act gave the Government enormous power to repress political activities and allow detention of political leaders without any trial for two years.

This act deprives the Indian of their civil rights.

     Mahatma Gandhi decided to launch a Civil Disobedience movement against such unjust law. It was started with a strike( hartal ) on 6th April 1919.

• Rallies were organised.
• Workers in railway workshops went on strike.
• Shops were closed down and the protest began.

JALLIANAWALA BAGH MASSACRE :-

On 13th April 1919, people from different regions gathered at the Jallianawala Bagh to celebrate their national festival 'BAISAKHI'. These crowd were unaware of Martial law ( like curfew) has been imposed.

•  People of every  age had gathered there.
• General Dyer reached the Bagh, and blocked all the entry and exit points and ordered his troops to open fire on the people.
• As the news spread, strikes, clashes with police and attack on government building started.
• The government responded with brutal repression.
• Each street were colored with red blood after repression.
• Gandhi called off Rowlatt Satyagarha as the violence spread.

NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT :-

There was two important movements against British were carried out by two different religious group.

• Hindu : Congress Party
• Muslim : Khilafat committee.

Gandhiji tried to bring both the group under the same roof. He convinced the Congress to join hand with Khilafat committee.

Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in 1919, by two brothers SHAUKAT ALI and MUHAMMAD ALI, to defend Khalifa's temporal power.

He proposed for the adoption of NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT in September 1920 at Congress session and it was adopted in DECEMBER 1920 at Congress session.

DIFFERING STRANDS WITHIN MOVEMENT:-

                       In TOWNS and CITIES :-

• It started with middle-class participation.
• Students and teacher leave their school, lawyers gave up their practice, an joined the movement.
• Council elections were boycotted all over India, except one place at Madras where non-brahmins stands for election.
• They made their own party 'Justice Party'.
• Liquor shops were picketed. 
• Foreign goods were boycotted and burnt in the bonfire.

            SWARAJ FOR PLANTATION WORKERS:-

• Under the Inland Emigration Act 1859,the plantation workers were not allowed to leave the tea garden without the permission of British officials.
• During Non-Cooperation movement, thousand of workers, marched towards home as they thought that Gandhiraj has come.
• They were caught by the police in mid-way and badly beaten by them.

                       In COUNTRYSIDE ( AWADH):-

• The peasant movement was led by Baba Ramchandra.
• Here, the movement was against landlords and talukdars instead of British, because they demanded exorbitantly high rent and cesses from peasants.
• The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar, and social boycott of oppressive landlords.
• In the year 1920, an Oudh Kishan Sabha was set-up by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and few other.

                        In Tribal areas ( Andhra Pradesh):-

• In the Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh, a militant guerilla movement saw in the early 1920s.
• This warfare and guerilla team was managed by Alluri Sitaram Raju.
• He was very much influenced by Mahatma Gandhi, asks the people to wear Khadi and give-up drinking.
• But at the same time he believed that, we could independence with fight.
• People believed that Alluri Sitaram raju was an incarnation of God and he could even resist a bullet shot.
• However, Raju was captured in 1924, and executed.

* Mahatma Gandhi withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement in the year 1922 after Chauri-Chaura incident.

Factors led to the CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT:-

A]. FORMATION OF SWARAJ PARTY:-

• After the failure of Non-Cooperation movement, some leaders wanted to participate in the council elections by the act of 1919 as they were tired of mass agitation.
• They believe that, by remaining in power they can oppose them easily and efficiently.
• Leaders like  Chitranjan Das and Motilal Nehru form SWARAJ party for taking part in council election.
• But young leaders like Subhash Chandra Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru opposed this and demanded full independence.

B]. WORLD-WIDE ECONOMIC DEPRESSION :-

• The agricultural prices began to fall from 1926 and get collapsed in the year 1930.
• As the demands for food fell, and exports get declined, the peasants found it difficult to sell their harvest and pay even revenue.
• By the 1930, the countryside was in turmoil.

C]. SIMON COMMISSION ( 1928):-

• It was constituted by the Tory government of Britain to look into the demand of nationalists and suggest some changes in the constitutional structure of India.
• The problem was that Simon Commission did not have any single Indian member.
• The Simon Commission arrived India in the year 1928.
• The Congress protested against this commission.
• However in December 1929, under the presidency of Subhash Chandra Bose in Lahore session purna swaraj or full independence was launched.

D]. 1st ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE (1929):-

• Lord Irwin announced a vague offer of dominion status to India.
• He also offered for a Round Table Conference , so that they can discuss the future constitution of India

E]. DANDI MARCH :-

• Salt or Dandi March began on March 12,1930.
• On 6th April 1930, Mahatma Gandhi violate the salt law by manufacturing the salt in a village of Gujarat.
• This marked the beginning of CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT.
• People were now asked to not only to refuse cooperation but also to violate the laws.
• Boycott of foreign goods, non-payment of taxes, breaking the forest laws, were its main features.
• Many of the leaders were arrested including Mahatma Gandhi, Subhash Chandra Bose.

EFFECTS OF CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT  ( 1930):-

BOYCOTT MOVEMENT:-

• After launching of the Civil Disobedience movement, thousands of people in different region of the country manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of Government building.
• Village official resigned from their designation, people started picketing liquor shops, boycotting foreign clothes.
• Peasants refused to pay taxes.
• People started violating forest law.
• Arrest of Abdul Ghaffar Khan led many of the peasants and followers facing the armoured cars and firing of police.
• Same happen during the arrest of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, lakhs of people were arrested, numerous of people were beaten brutally irrespective of their ages.

GANDHI IRWIN PACT (1931):-

• After arresting lakhs of people and leaders, Lord Irwin proposed that if he would call off Civil Disobedience movement, then he will release all prisoners, and he have chance for 2nd Round Table conference.
• On 5th March 1931, Gandhi signed a pact with Lord Irwin.
• And he went to London.
• Disappointed returning from their, he noticed that the condition has become worsen. 'Congress' has announced as illegal.
• He again started Civil Disobedience movement, but it lost its momentum by the 1934.

How Participants saw the movement ?

Different people have, different aspects and the way they see the civil disobedience movement is different.

A]. COUNTRYSIDE:-

• RICH FARMERS/ LANDLORDS:-
• These people were not in position to pay the taxes.
• They ask the government to remit or reduce the tax, but the government refuse to it.
• This led these people to become supporter of Civil Disobedience movement.
• PEASANTS :-
• They joined the movement, because they wanted the revenue to be reduced.
• Tenants live their , want their rent to be remitted.
• However, congress was unwilling to support poor peasants.

B]. TOWNS and CITIES:-

• INDUSTRIALISTS:-
• As the business of industrialists strted growing, they need more freedom, but the british government has restricted their freedom.
• They started forming their own associations like;
• Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress (1920s).
• FEDERATION of the Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industries[FICCI] (1927).
• These were strted by prominent industrialists Purshottamdas Thakurdas, G.D. Birla.
• They tried to break the colonial rule and joined Civil Disobedience movement

• WORKERS:-
• They did not participate in large numbers. 
• As the industrialists came closer, they got aloof.
• They boycott foreign goods, demonstrate agitation at many places.
• They still follow Gandhian ideology.
• Congress was reluctant to include workers demand as a part of its programme of struggle.
• Women:-
• During Salt march, thousands of women move towards Dandi.
• They participated in protests,and marches.
• They picket the liquor shops, and many of them were arrested.
• They moved by the Gandhiji's call, that it is the sacred duty of a women to look after their home and hearth.

LIMITS OF  Civil Disobedience movement :-

Following are the limits of Civil Disobedience movement:-

• The Dalits or the Untouchables did not actively participate in the movement, they demanded reservation of seats, separate electorates. 
•  Dr B.R. Ambedkar, the leader of the Dalits, formed an association in 1930, called the Depressed Classes Association. 
•  He clashed with Gandhiji. 
•  Poona Pact between the Gandhiji and B.R. Ambedkar (1932) gave reserved seats in Provincial and Central Councils but were voted by general electorate.
•   The leader of the Muslim League M.A. Jinnah wanted reserved seats for Muslims in Central Assembly. 
•  Large sections of Muslims did not participate in the Civil disobedience movement.

THE SENSE OF COLLECTIVE BELONGINGNESS:-

The sense of collective belongingness was a cultural process through which nationalism spread the identity of a nation and its people.

There are 4 factors on which the spread of a nationalism depends:-

A]. IMAGE OF BHARAT MATA:

• It was one of the most symbolized image or figure, who creates an image, with which people can identify a nation.
• In the 20th century, with the growth of the nationalism in India, the identity of India came to be visually associated with image of Bharat Mata.
• The first image was created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.

B]. INDIAN FOLKLORE:

• In the late 19th century, Indian nationalists began recording folk tales, songs and legends.
• It gave a true picture of traditional culture in order to discover people national identity and restore a sense of pride in India's past.
• For example; The Folklore of southern India by Natesa Sastri. 

C]. ICONS and SYMBOLS:

• With the developing nationalist sentiments, the nationalist leader became more and more aware of each icons and symbol in unifying people.
• This helps people feeling proud on themselves.
• Ex: Our flag.

D]. OUR HISTORY :

• By the end of the 19th century, the nationalist writer or poet (Romanticists) wrote about the glorious development in ancient times of India.
• The writer urge the reader to read the ancient story and histories and to be pride of them.
• Along with pride, they should now them and try to live a better life.
• We should not be the slave of any country.

HISTORY OF FLAG:-

1.During the swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag ( RED, GREEEN, and YELLOW) was designed it had 8 lotuses representing 8 provinces of British India and a crescent moon, representing Hindu and Muslims.

2. By 1921, Gandhiji designed a tricolour flag (RED, GREEN, and WHITE) and had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the self-help( aatmanirbhar).